Abortion Is The Most Common Medical Procedures Essay

Abortion is removing the fetus or embryo from the uterus before it is ready to be born. Spontaneous, which is also referred to as a miscarriage and the purposeful abortion, which is an induced abortion are the two major forms of abortion. Having a professional medical procedure conducted for an induced abortion is the safest way to handle the abortion under the local law. Annually, abortions are the most common medical procedures done in the United States, over 40 percent of women have terminated a pregnancy at least once in their life. Most woman who go through the procedure to terminate her pregnancy are most likely poor, unmarried, or over the age of 40 years (Berer, 2004). Besides the professional procedures, there are also many instances of unsafe abortions, which are conducted by untrained professionals and can cause horrid outcomes to the woman. Abortion was legalized by the Supreme Court in 1973 through the Roe v. Wade decision making the procedure safer. Over 75 thousand mat ernal deaths happen annually and over 20 million abortions are conducted in the United States alone, about 10 million are not safely conducted. Woman have many reasons for wanting to go through with the procedure, including disease, trauma, genetic defect or biochemical incompatibility of the mother and the fetus. There are valid reasons why people shouldn’t go through with the procedure, it’s morally wrong, but it doesn’t give the right for someone to make a law for woman to not make their ownShow MoreRelatedAbortion Is The Ending Of Pregnancy1341 Words   |  6 Pages  Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo from the womb before it can survive on its own. surgery has lower risk of side effects. When allowed by local law abortion in the developed world is and has long been one of the safest procedures in medicine. Uncomplicated abortions do not cause any long term mental or physical problems. Every year unsafe abortions cause 47,000 deaths and 5 million hospital admissions. Around 44 million abortions occur each year in the world, withRead MoreThroughout The United States There Has Always Been A Big1297 Words   |  6 Pagesbig debate on whether or not abortion is ethically acceptable or not. Though many individuals see it as killing a child, many others can overlook that burden and see the consequences of having a child at that point in time. Individuals who are put in a pregnancy situation and have to look into all aspects of an abortion and the reasons for this procedure, while also realizing the biological development of the fetus, and the process of an abortion. Though abortion is nobody’s first option whenRead MoreThe Controversial Issues Of Abortion1528 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most highly controversial issues plaguing our country today is that of abortion. This debate arose in the mid-to-late 1800’s when states began passing laws to make abortion illegal (â€Å"History of Abortion†). Although each law varied from state-to-state, the reason for making it illegal seemed to be similar: All surgical procedures, including abortion, were risky and hospitals and well-practiced doctors were not common in most areas. Back-alley abortions (illegal abortions) were very common duringRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Abortion1380 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Abortion is one of the most common medical procedures preformed in the United States each year. More than 40% of all women will end a pregnancy by abortion at some ti me in their reproductive lives. Abortion, it is simply the one of the most debated issue in our society today. â€Å"Is abortion bad?† â€Å"Is the fetus a baby?† â€Å"Why is it bad to kill a fetus if it’s not living?† The simpleRead MoreThe Issue of Partial Birth Abortions Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe Issue of Partial Birth Abortions Recently, congress has been going over the issue of partial birth abortions. A partial birth abortion is performed in the second and third trimesters. A partial birth abortion entails (1) inducing a breech delivery with forceps, (2) delivering the legs, arms, and torso only, (3) puncturing the back of the skull with scissors or a trochar, (4) inserting a suction curette into the skull, (5) suctioning the contents of the skull so as to collapse it, (6)Read MoreThe Abortion Of The United States1031 Words   |  5 PagesFacing Abortion in the United States Abortion is a common debated topic in the United States. It is becoming commonplace in our society. Terminating an unwanted pregnancy is a difficult choice that many women have faced throughout the years. Through out this paper, reasons for abortion, women, underage girls, parental laws, emotions, and the procedures of terminating a pregnancy will be discussed. While there is still more research being done, it is said that abortion can have both negative andRead MoreAbortion Is A Medical Procedure Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion is a medical procedure done to terminate a human pregnancy and is performed, generally, within the first 28 weeks of conception (WebMD, n.d.). In America, abortion is a hot button topic for debate. Many laws have been enacted and changed over the years to control who can or cannot have this procedure done throughout the states. Abortion has a vast history, variety of procedures, and some interesting data specific to the state of Arkansas. Even before Roe VS. Wade, women had been terminatingRead MoreEssay on Teenage Abortion1132 Words   |  5 Pagesteenage abortion, is an emotionally charged one. The two major groups are completely opposite in their beliefs. Rather than discuss the emotional views of those groups, I have chosen to research, write, and conclude based on factual material, concerning teenage abortion. A discussion of abortion as a definition is explained medically, and in a small part the emotional effects on the participant. I have chosen to report in a factual not an emotional manner. The direct definition of abortion is theRead MoreThe History of Abortion764 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion is a medical practice to terminate a womans pregnancy in the first 3 months. The history of abortion starts father before the pinnacle case of Roe v Wade in 1973. The supreme court made it legal to get an abortion and this is seen as an important turning point for the american health care policies for women. Before this court case to render it legal it had been performed for thousands of years and in every society known. It was legal when settlers first came to the united states beforeRead MoreAbortion : Legal Or Illegal?953 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion: Legal or Illegal? To this day, the debate on whether or not abortion should be legal continues to divide Americans. The name of this article is, â€Å"Should Abortion be Legal?† written by ProCon.org. Pro-choice and pro-life are the two opposing sides. Pro-choice is the pro-abortion group, and pro-life is the anti-abortion group. The two sides disagree about whether the rights of the woman or the fetus are more important, and they also disagree about the impacts on women’s health and on society

Creative Accounting Free Essays

The term of creative accounting refers to select accounting methods for the preparation of financial statement that provide the result desired by the accounting preparers. Especially when the firms are under a financial difficulty, the need of creativity would be very apparent because it might be difficult for parties such as auditors, with an oversight function, to report that the account preparers are doing anything wrong (Deegan, 2010). When the economy is moving into recession, the most companies are likely to manipulate their financial statement to be in the upward direction in order for the favourable profit by overstating the asset and understating the liability. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative Accounting or any similar topic only for you Order Now b) No, the roles and responsibilities of auditors and regulators are very vital at improving control. Auditors perform audits to evaluate whether the policies and process are designed and operating effectively and provide recommendations for improvement. They also help to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the organizations risk management processes. They may prepare a comprehensive assessment of any wrong doing that might lead the organization into financial loss. As for the role of regulators, they will determine how best to cause firms subject to their jurisdiction to develop control policies and procedures to meet the performance objectives. In fact, auditors and regulators are part of the pillars of corporate governance. The auditors and regulators definitely work to predict the warning of the recession and give notification to the company. However, they could not be in position to finish final decision and to control every improvement and process. Just like the HIH insurance case, the directors still make wrong decision, even if there was the concurrence of the actuaries and the auditors. It does not matter how efficiently they played their role, it matters how efficiently the four pillars which are boarder of directors, management, auditors and regulators could be harmonized with. In other word, this failure should not be the reason to reduce the roles of auditors and regulators. How to cite Creative Accounting, Papers

The Protestant Reformation and its impact on Art Essay Example For Students

The Protestant Reformation and its impact on Art Essay In the sixteenth century the Protestant Reformation took place in Northern Europe and put an end to the unity of the Roman Catholic Church. This movement started when a man by the name of Martin Luther got frustrated with what was going on around him such as corrupt practices and posted his 95 Theses on the church door. The 95 Theses was a list of his complaints against the Catholic Church. He took this extreme measure after noticing the practice of church officials selling indulgences in order to raise money for artistic commission. Indulgences were purchased by common everyday people from church officials and they basically allowed those who were sinful to pay their way into heaven. Martin Luther strongly felt that this was wrong and not what God or Jesus intended. The church asked him to take back his 95 Theses but he refused. Luther then questioned the churchs authority to grant salvation because he strongly believed that human salvation should be based solely on an individuals faith. Luther also believed that everyone should be able to read and interpret the bible on their own therefore he translated the bible making this possible. Lastly Luther disapproved of the Churchs use of art due to it being materialistic. Luther was eventually excommunicated from the Church in 1520. He then came up with the Protestant Reformation and challenged the Catholic Church. Due to the invention of the printing press, Luthers reforms were quickly spread through Europe bringing much support from his followers. Art during the Protestant Reformation was limited and close to even being banned due to the idea of iconoclasm. Protestant reformers rejected the use of visual arts in the church hence they did not even have many churches. Protestants were so severe in their beliefs that stained glass windows were broken, images of the saints were destroyed and pipe organs were removed from the churches. The only reason they used art was to teach the ideas of the Protestant Reformation, hence the subject matter was based on daily life and events. For example there were paintings of people during that time and it was mostly unrelated to religion. Albrecht Durer was a German artist from this time period. He was a follower of the Protestant beliefs which is clearly shown in his piece The Four Apostles. In this painting, two figures, John the Evangelist and Saint Peter, are shown reading the Bible. This is representative of the Protestant ideal of getting common everyday people to read the Bible. There is also an inscription on the bottom of this piece stating that people should be aware of those prophets who fallaciously attempt to teach from the bible. Likewise another major work of art produced during the Protestant Reformation is the piece Christ Blessing, Surrounded by a donor and his family (Triptych of a Protestant family) by Ludger Tom Ring. This piece was produced in between 1575 and 1580 and it was painted as oil on wood on a central panel. Its dimensions are 31 3/8 by 37 and 5/8 inches with each wing being 32 by 14 and 5/8. It is currently located in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This painting is a triptych meaning it is a three piece panel and this dates back to the Flemish period. During the Flemish period many artistic techniques were discovered such as the oil medium, the use of disguised symbolism, and humanism. Using an oil medium was an efficient procedure in art because it brought the painting to life and made it look more realistic. The usage of disguised symbolism was a way for artists to include various everyday objects in their artwork while giving their piece a deeper meaning with these objects. Lastly humanism was also carried on from the Flemish time period to the Protestant Reformation because it brought heavenly figures down to earth and allowed person to relate to them which was a major ideal of the Reformation. In this middle ground Christ is standing behind a table surrounded by a devout family from Westphalia. This family seems to consist of a father, mother, two sons, and a daughter. This painting possibly depicts the wedding of the thirty three year old son to the eighteen year old girl. The family as a whole has not been identified but they are painted in close proximity to Christ indicating that they were Protestant since Catholics would not have been allowed to be depicted as having such a familiar relationship with Christ. The people in the painting are extravagantly dressed indicating that it is an important occasion. The women are dressed in black and gold dresses and wearing lavish necklaces and the men are wearing fur like coats. In the foreground there are many objects in the piece which serve as disguised symbolism. On the table below Christ there are flowers scattered across and a bible on the left side underneath the mans hand. The flowers symbolize themes of a wedding such as love, commitment, faith, and fertility. The Bible is a symbol that it is read on a daily basis in this specific home. In the background on the wall, there are hangings which are different texts from the Gospel of Saint John and Psalms. Analysis Of The Kingdom Of Mat EssayIts subject matter is chiefly the imagination, emotions, nature, and the individual which it presented in a fantastic, passionate, and poetic way. Romanticism also came to signify the departure from classical forms and an emphasis on emotional and spiritual themes. It was a response to the French Revolution and the Enlightenment which at the time was in a chaotic state. This art period was a complete shift from Neoclassicism. Neoclassicism was a period of art which focused on reason, clarity, accuracy, and it was carefully planned out whereas Romanticism focused on feelings, emotions, loose brushstrokes, and expressions. It was also based off the idea of freedom and the everyday desire to have it. Romanticists believed freedom should be granted in everything including political freedom, religious freedom, and freedom of speech. The main points of Romanticism was individual freedom meaning that people should be allowed to think the way they want to and to be able to use their imagination as freely as they can. Art during Romanticism was loosely painted, intuitive, spontaneous, and it captured the passion of music. Romantic themes also know as subject matter consisted of dreams and imagination, themes from literature, exotic themes with mysterious people and places. It also focused on the good side as well as the bad side of humans contrasting with the neoclassical preoccupation with virtue and the man of reason. Major artists during the Romantic period are Francis de Goya and Jean Louis Andre Theodore Gericault. In Goyas Third of May, he painted an event that took place on the third of May where it symbolizes a person being the victim during a war. It shows the extremes of human brutality. Observation of this piece arouses sympathy in our heart for the helpless man who is facing death. The man in the white shirt is sacrificing himself thus embodying Jesus Christ. The dark sky in the background is sad and gloomy, and a palace looks lifeless and has lost all its magnificence. The only illumination in the painting comes from a lantern at the feet of the soldiers. The artwork Evening: Landscape with an aqueduct by Jean Louis Andre Theodore Gericault is a prime example of Romantic art. It was painted as an oil on canvas and was painted in 1818. It is one of the four paintings representing the four different times of the day: Morning, Noon, Evening, and Night. The mood depicted in this work is calm and peaceful. It seems as if Gericault chose to ignore what was going on around him at the time and intended to give his viewers a moment of escape for even a brief second. By painting this piece, Gericault turned a blind eye towards the actual political upheavals around him and painted this scene of what he wished the world would be like. The colors in this painting are bold, suggesting a theme of tranquility or the time being until interrupted by society. In this work, Gericault focuses on nature and its relation to man. This landscape painting is a pastoral scene that shows off the immense quality of nature. It is a calm, dreamy setting in the countryside which brings the peasants away from their hard work and labor to a feeling of peace and relaxation. In the foreground of the piece, two peasants can be seen, a man sitting on the rocks right above and next to the lake and an elderly woman wearing a bright red bandana on her head crouching over to converse with him. This shows the quality of life for the peasants during that time period. Work for them in the rural area was hard and is evident in the way the old woman is holding onto a stick in her attempt to stand. Right behind the two peasants a number of nude figures can be seen, some swimming in the lake and the rest is attempting to join them. This shows that despite the chaotic upheaval at the time, people during that time period can still enjoy themselves to escape their thoughts of hard work and labor. Beyond the peasants the artist includes a bridge in the middle of the piece suggesting the gap between a peasants working life and leisure time. Over the bridge, several houses can be seen and that is most likely where responsibility overcomes everything else a peasant desires to do. Based on the two works, Goyas Third of May and Gericaults Evening: landscape with an aqueduct; Romanticism can be concluded as a style of art which focuses on the many aspects of human emotions and imaginations. It was a complete break from classical art and it takes its viewer into a whole new world. Romanticism started the whole idea of the freedom in art, and allowed future artists to paint as they pleased hence the movements of realism and impressionism.

Without family Review Essay Example

Without family Review Paper Essay on Without family I also wanted to add my modest contribution to the reviews of the competition, and I wondered, and what to write. That as a child made an indelible impression on me, it left its traces? Tales soon disappeared, their such variety, they are all so beautiful that to choose any one, then ignore Other- no less worthy. As soon as I have removed and youth books, this is not the childs enthusiasm, but already the young man. And I remembered. Was a book that in addition to what was just a good book, apart from the fact that I found my childs soul responses, in addition to causing strong emotions and an adult, for some strange reason, was a kind of, well, certainly not a symbol of the Soviet childhood, but a kind of beacon in childrens literature, a must read, I enjoyed at that time very popular. Now, of course, under the pressure of Harry Potter and others. Retreated into the shadows. This is Hector Malot and his novel Without family ». There is nothing more touching is impossible to find. This book includes all the purest, best, high, spiritual, human, that only exist in the human zhizni.Lyubov. Love is in the book, manifested in a variety of forms here and love for a woman sheltered boy Remy Aunt Barbara, and the love of a man who became a kind of teacher lord Vitalis, love for our younger brothers, a wandering troupe Senor Vitalis. Monkey Dushku, dogs, Capi, Zerbino, Dolce and love other paralytic boy Arthur to Mattia, Lisa girl re-found a family, and a sense of gratitude to all humane people, thanks to the crumbs of their assistance, the fate line Remy straightened, and all his life was good. Thats good. We will write a custom essay sample on Without family Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Without family Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Without family Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When it comes to childrens personal associations, emotions, certainly as a child, I was very hard to endure the death of all the animals. The fact that they left one by one, it was very painful vpechatleniem.Boleznennym to tears. Because of the association more pleasant, recollected Onion soup, which gave me no rest. I am puzzled what kind of a meal, 4-5 bulbs, and a piece of butter? Mother could not give me a clear answer, and I very sincerely sorry for poor Remy, mother Barbara, of Barbara, who ate a strange soup of onions, oil and water. After many years, the onion soup was one of my favorite soups, and only now I realize that perhaps Barbareà ±o language, it was not as bad as he ate it. What else do I want to say about the book? Apart from the brilliant reflection of spiritual experiences foundling Remy shows the price of money and happiness. Now, when for unknown reasons, the financial aspect becomes an indicator of success, indicators of quality literature, and there is an attempt to take all that is really good, there are valuable in our lives. Without family it is precisely the book that defines life guidance, values, teaches kindness, love, acceptance. Highly recommend to read it and adults, if it did not come across to you as a child, this book is for all ages, it is interesting, the story is fascinating, though sometimes still squeezes out a tear you, but after reading the not razocharuet.Eto really very good book, and it is not PR.

Organizational Change Essays

Organizational Change Essays Organizational Change Paper Organizational Change Paper Organizational Change Slide 1 Organizational change is a process that is geared towards the pursuit of becoming better. These changes can be brought about by different factors. To fully grasp organizational change, it is a structural method that involves change in both process and concept. Change at the process level refers to the procedural shift in achieving the desired outcome, while change in content refers to the descriptions of the changes that an organization has actually undertook (Barnet Carroll, 1995). Nine Reason’s for Organizational Change Slide 2 The need for change can be brought about by different reasons. Robert W. Swaim in his article suggested nine reasons organizations need to change. The first reasons is crisis, this can come in different form: political, social, financial, religious and the like. Second to the line is Performance Gap, this happens when the vision mission and goals of an organization is not met, then the need to do organizational change is vital. Third reason is New Technology, the advance of new technology which brings positive impact to the company can be a great reason for change. Fourth reason is Identification to Opportunities, competition in the field can bring about the need to undergo organizational change. Fifth reason is Reaction to External and Internal Pressures, management and employees can impact internal change, while clientele, competition, change in government regulations, shareholders, financial market and the like are examples of external pressure. Sixth reason is Mergers and Acquisitions, when organizations are merged or an organization is acquired or reacquired, then the need to revamp the process and content is helpful for the company. Seventh reason is Change for the Sake of Change, administration turnover can cause organizational change. New administration would most likely want to prove something and so they change for the sake of change. Eight reason happens when new engineering fads bloom and the company think it sounds good and so they implement the change. The ninth reason is Planned Abandonment, this happens when an organization abandon products, market, resources, in exchange to new opportunities (Swaim, 2011). Many nursing homes still uses paper charting and papers are prone from getting burn and risk of being read by any unauthorized individuals. Due to the fact that the process of electronic charting has started, other nursing home will have to re-evaluate their mission and vision in order to move toward change. Using computers at work allows nurses to do their job efficiently and safely. Many patients and their families are gearing towards the advancement of new technology to be able to deliver safe and effective health care. Identification of opportunities brings competition to the market which allow patients to better options. The health care government and patients can also put pressure to healthcare organizations to improve their services. The desire for change can impact the lives of many patients which are always re-evaluated for its effectiveness. New administrators can facilitate this change at any time they want with stakeholders in mind. New opportunities arise causing better health services and new creating technology to change the way health care system work. Statistic of EMR Use Slide 3 The table presents the data from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States. It reflects the trends in percentages of office-based physician with EMR/EHR systems from 2001-2012. In the 2012 survey, 10,302 physicians participated in the survey. It can be gleaned on the graph that a decline in the use of EMR/HER is observable since two years from 2011. This decline can be attributed to the lack of knowledge and training in the use of the system. However, EMR/HER system has gone up higher starting the year 2004 to present. It can be observed from the graph that from 2011-2012 has the highest percentage compared to the rest of the year gaining roughly about 14. 8 percent from 57% t0 71. 8 % (Hsiao, 2012). Advantages of EMR Slide 4 As America’s hospitals venture farther into the electronics age, nurses are beginning to recognize the benefits the Electronic Medical Record (EMR) provides both to their patients and their profession (Orlovsky, 2005). It provides fewer medicals errors by reminding the staff when the next medication is due, better patient plan of care, and improved patient safety such as falls and pressure sores (Furukawa et. al. , 2011). Electronic medical records can also improve quality care for patients due to accessibility of the whole interdisciplinary team for faster delivery of health care service (Furukawa et. al. , 2011). Paper records increases risk being burned and submerged into water.

A written project on the theme of one selected characteristic/attribute associated with the Business Entrepreneur and researched in the context of one noteworthy entrepreneur

Methodology: This study was based on the integration of the secondary research. Practical evidence demonstrates the main secondary evidence in relation to the Facebook case study. Findings: The main findings demonstrate that innovation is not necessarily sourced from a discipline. To a large extent, it requires creative thinking and environment. Furthermore, it has been found that the process of innovation is not always structured. This suggests that in some cases, there are elements of experimentation and accident. Introduction This paper looks at the investigation of innovation in the contemporary business world. In details, this paper includes exploration of the actual concept of innovation within the context of entrepreneurship. This research will focus on the examination of Facebook and its founder, Mark Zuckerberg. This would serve as the practical evidence of the innovative product and/or service that has formed the contemporary social media business. Rogers, (1998, p.6) has defined innovation â€Å"as the process of introducing the new ideas to the firm which result in increased firm performance† . Within the context of this paper, innovation is attributed to the new social media product that has been invented and, therefore, resulted in the startup and further success of Facebook as a company. This has been a transformational innovation since it resulted in the transformation of the interactive, social media platform. This paper will discuss the actual process of this transformation. This implies that the majority of individuals have been reluctant to adopt the innovation, after its initial introduction (Rogers, 1998). At the moment, Facebook has already around 1 billion subscribers worldwide, who update their statuses, on a daily basis. Mark Zuckerberg, the founder of Facebook, is one of the greatest entrepreneurs of the modern times. Facebook employs around 3,200 employees and is known worldwide. The company’s market value is $ 75 billion-$ 100 billion (Hoovers, 2012). This study will investigate the main factors that innovation should possess, and the reasons behind its success among the consumers. The main critical analysis is going to be presented in the literature review. This will lay the foundation for further investigation. Practical evidence will demonstrate the case study in relation to the researched theories. Finally, the findings from the literature review and practical evidence are going to be juxtaposed in the analysis section. Literature Review Recent research suggests that innovation is an outcome of creativity. This implies that innovation may occur, when a person realizes stimulating and new ideas, which he or she, has (Austin, Devin and Sullivan, 2012). Some companies tend to shape the work environment in order to produce the conditions that work well in terms ofthe development of the creative ideas. This is primarily associated with the integration of the particular practices, which allow the person to relax, and, therefore, generate ideas. Hopkins, (2010) suggests that innovation is a discipline. This implies that management of innovation may be compared with management of quality, where each detail is essential. This also implies that, after generation of the idea, it is important to focus on the efficient development of production, supply chain, distribution and marketing. The process of innovation development is also interlinked to the production of business model. It is especially intensified in the context of entrepreneurship. Drucker, (2002), suggests that innovation is sourced from the knowledge and hard work. This suggests that in order for innovation to be successful, it is necessaryto monitor the market, to interact and seek out opportunities to seize. As a result,, there is a small chance for accidental innovation that might emerge (Austin, Devin and Sullivan, 2012). However, given the conditions of contemporary market and situation, this chance is slim. This is correlated to the evolutionary theory, which suggests that the process of innovation production is interlinked with the dynamism of the environment and acquired knowledge and skills. Furthermore, it was added that the success of innovation is sourced from the learning abilities and behavioural traits of the entrepreneur. This implies that the values, cognition and the aims of the individual directly impact the process of innovation development (Metcalfe, 1998; Dosi, 1997). According to complexity theory, Anderson, (1999) states that the creative ideas are sourced from the environmental changes. This suggests that individuals and companies tend to take into account the environmental dynamism, thus shifting their perceptions, according to the global and/or domestic changes. This is further interlinked with the evaluation of the information, which is sourced from these dynamical changes. This, in turn, results in the development of the innovations. This theory is based on the estimation that the innovation should evolve, as part of the constant environmental dynamics. Contrary to this, Brown and Eisenhardt, (1998) suggest that innovation is driven by experimentation rather than evolution. This implies that the individual should always experiment, in order to create some innovative solutions. This is attributed to the â€Å"trial and error† pathway. This pathway is regarded to be quite effective as demonstrated in the recent research. It is primarily interlinked with the hard work and discipline, which is noted in the study by Hopkins, (2010). Damanpour, (1992) disagrees and states that there is no definite practice that would allow efficient production and management of the innovative products and/or services. This suggests that there are four main factors that affect the possible success of the innovation. These factors are attributed to the type of innovation, stage of innovation, scope of innovation and organization. Given the technology industry, the scope of innovation is not easy to define at the startup stage of innovation. It has been identified by Rothwell and Dodgson, (1995) that there is a small difference between the development of innovation in small companies and large corporations. It has been estimated that the process of innovation development in small companies tend to be of a behavioural nature, whereas in large corporations – of a materialistic nature. Additionally, it has been added that the process of the development of innovation in the smaller companies tends to be dependent on the industry. It is assumed that, in the technology industry, the degree of innovation’s success is increased, due to the large pool of opportunities. However, as Hopkins, (2010) has pointed out, it does require a discipline. Freeman and Soete, (1997) agree that the innovative products and services depend on the scope of RD activities. This suggests that there is a greater chance for larger corporations to implement the innovation, due to the large available funds. However, as the recent research demonstrates, there are a lot of entrepreneurs, who have been successful in production of innovation with limited investments (e.g. Mark Zuckerberg; Steve Jobs). Littler, Leverick and Bruce, (2003) argue that the innovative product development is associated with high risk, which is dispensed across the production and Research and Development areas. As the result, it has been proposed in the same source that increased collaboration is required in order to achieve the objectives, in relation to the innovative solutions product. These scholars have also added that the main factors that affect the increase of the risk degree is attributed to the utilization of the new technology. Practical Evidence This section focuses on the presentation of the practical evidence of the key theories that have been analysed in the literature review section. This section is based on the integration of the case study about Facebook and its founder, Mark Zuckerberg. Mark Zuckerberg, 28 is the founder of the world’s largest social networking website, Facebook. It was launched back in 2004, in the dorm room of Harvard University (CrunchBase, 2012). Prior to this, Mark Zuckerberg has tried to launch another two programs, namely a music recommendation program, Synapse and peer-to-peer client, Wirehog. However, he left them at the startup point (TechCrunch, 2012). Along with that, Mark Zuckerberg also launched Coursematch and Facemash programs during his studies at Harvard University. Facebook was originally developed for students to interact, however it has been further extended to a global scale. As a result, Facebook has become a success internationally (New Yorker, 2010). Prior to the development of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg studied computer science, however, he has another degree in psychology. This suggests that he understands both the computer technology and human behaviour (New Yorker, 2012). With regard to the personal characteristics, Mark Zuckerberg has been described as quiet, unassuming gentleman, who focuses on hard work and achievement of the objectives. This shows that he doesn’t take anything for granted, thus focusing intensively on further development of Facebook operations. To date, Facebook has generated $1.26 billion, however, it has reported a recent loss, which is associated with the inability to develop the mobile advertising sector (CNCWorld, 2012; Information Week, 2012). The primary source of income is attributed to the advertising since Facebook is free to subscribe. This implies that there is still room for improvement in the mobile advertising area, whereas the main competitors already enjoy the generated profits fr om this sector. The mobile advertising area has been overlooked by Mark Zuckerberg, given the recent rise in the access to the Internet from mobile phones (New Media Trends, 2012). This implies that the modern consumers tend to utilize the mobile applications more, which is supported by the recent data that states that the number of mobile Internet users has doubled. Information Week, (2012) demonstrates that there have been 75 % of social networking users, who have accessed Facebook via their Android-supported mobile devices in U.S.A, in March, 2012. Facebook management agrees that there is still a room for development however, the main problem is attributed to the inability to provide high resolution advertisements on small mobile screens (Information Week, 2012). This is assumed to be surprising, in the light of Mark Zuckerberg’s ability to develop the new social media platform, during the rise of the Internet. This implies that Mark Zuckerberg tends to seize the opportunities, once they arise. The main aim of Facebook, to date, is regarded to be a willingness to make the globe a more open place, by means of social interactions (New Yorker, 2010). However, contrary to this, Mark Zuckerberg, himself, is characterized as being private, thus not sharing a lot of information about himself. This is supported by the fact that he does not give a lot of interviews and/or make public appearances (CrunchBase, 2012). With regards to the work environment, that is managed in Facebook headquarters, it has been estimated in the recent research that the workers are driven to educate themselves while working. This is interconnected with the fact that Facebook was founded at the University so, Mark Zuckerberg is trying to transform the workplace into the educational institution in order to drive the creativity’s emergence. The design of the Facebook offices promotes openness as the key feature of Facebook program (Business Insider, 2009). This implies that employees are not limited by the cubicles’ boundaries. Additionally, the working hours are flexible. This suggests that the employees may choose their own hours in order to deliver the best product solutions possible. Furthermore, Mark Zuckerberg tends to promote openess in interaction, suggesting that the employees are able to walk around the headquarters, thus interacting with others (Business Insider, 2009). The main aim of this is t o promote the development of the creative ideas, which would be applicable to the Facebook (Business Insider, 2009). Along with that, the main negative comments have only been attributed to the distant location of the Facebook headquarters. Additionally, some employees have stated that it is difficult to concentrate while working in the open areas. Therefore, the promoted openess does not work for everybody (Business Insider, 2009). Analysis This section is based on the production of the links between the main theories and the key findings, derived from the practical evidence. It had been estimated that Facebook was developed, during the period, when internet, as a communication channel was starting to gain the popularity amongst the public (New Media Trends, 2012). This shows that Mark Zuckerberg had been following the evolutionary theory related to the innovative development and given his specialized knowledge and learning abilities, he scanned the environment for opportunities and dynamic changes (Anderson, 1999). In 2004, there was a limited amount of social networking platforms, presented on the market that would allow enjoyable social interaction. As a result, he developed Facebook in order to meet the educational needs, with the limited resources available. It was based purely on the knowledge and skills he had obtained. One of the main benefits was that he could combine his technology-related knowledge with the education degree he received in psychology (Time, 2012). This has allowed the development of the social networking platform that would sui t the needs of consumers. Furthermore, the theoretical frameworks suggest that there is supposed to be a creative and relaxing environment in order to produce the innovative idea. At that time, Mark Zuckerberg has been studying in the university, which suggests that he was associated with the young and educated people with a lot of aspirations (New Yorker, 2010). Normally, in this environment, the most innovative ideas are born, so, this supports the theoretical evidence. Evolutionary theory is also supported by the fact that Mark Zuckerberg also tried to integrate other social media products but he failed to succeed with some of them. This demonstrates a certain degree of learning, integrated in the process of the innovation development. This implies that after the failure of his previous innovations , he has advanced the process of innovative solutions production, based on the mistakes he had made (CrunchBase, 2012). Additionally, the process of innovation production has been supported by the acquired and/or natural behavioural traits of the entrepreneur. This suggests that Mark Zuckerberg has always been a hard worker whilst eliminating the need â€Å"to take everything for granted† (Time, 2012). Therefore, he has always been focused on the achievement of his objectives. The elements of the accidental innovation may be followed once Facebook had become popular outside the university. This shows that, despite the primary educational objectives related to the Facebook platform, Mark Zuckerberg accidentally met the needs of a wider international audience (Austin, Devin and Sullivan, 2012). This was the starting point of Facebook’s success. At the moment, being a large corporation, Facebook constantly updates the website with new applications, as a result of the evaluation of the consumer needs and environment. However, some subscribers tend to be confused with the constant changes that Facebook integrates (Guardian, 2010). In this case, the aspects of experimentation are demonstrated. These can be traced inthe theory of â€Å"trial and error†, which suggests the evaluation of the most profitable products and services based on experimentation (Brown and Eisenhardt, 1998). This is proved to be effective, however it also drives a large degr ee of confusion amongst the subscribers. Another critical aspect is attributed to the problem with the mobile advertising, which has resulted in the decrease of the revenues of Facebook, recently (Business Insider, 2012). This suggests that management of the company failed to scan the environment in order to integrate the necessary solutions with regards to the emergence of the new trend. As the result, this has negatively resulted in the poor company’s performance (Business Insider, 2012). This is said to be especially surprising, given the ability of Mark Zuckerberg to seize the opportunities and the scope of the modern Facebook corporation. This is supported by the literature review findings, which suggest that it is much easier for larger corporations to integrate innovative solutions due to the large funding available for Research and Development activities (Freeman and Soete, 1997). In this case, at the moment, Facebook failed to do that. Recent data demonstrates that another reason behind this, is attributed to the lack of clear strategic vision. This implies that Mark Zuckerberg aims at the delivery of accidental innovations rather than the result of a clear strategic vision (Business Insider, 2009). He expects the innovation to appear as a result of the management of the creative environment. It has been estimated in the literature review that it is necessary to promote the discipline during the process of innovation development (Hopkins, 2010). However, with regards to Facebook’s work conditions, it is not necessarily applicable. This implies that the company aims to integrate open interactions and flexible working hours. This is said to be appealing for the majority of employees. However there are some employees, who state that it is hard to concentrate while working in this sort of environment. As a result, Facebook aims to promote the casual and relaxing environment, which would allow development of creative solutions. Conclusion This paper was aimed at discussing research on innovation within the entrepreneurship context. It focused on the exploration of the Facebook case and its founder, Mark Zuckerberg. The main theories have indicated that there are several patterns of innovation development, namely accidental innovation production, evolutionary, experimental and complexity theories. The Literature review has also demonstrated that environment also plays a large role in the process of innovation development. Other scholars suggest that the success of innovation depends on the entrepreneur’s personal characteristic and actual characteristics attributed to the innovation. The main findings, based on the analysis of one of the greatest entrepreneurs, have demonstrated that the innovation’s production process incorporates elements of accidental process and both experimental and evolutionary processes. Additionally, it has been estimated that the dynamics of the environment and personal characte ristics of the entrepreneur tend to play a large role in relation to the worldwide success of the innovation. However, it is essential to further update the innovations in order to stay on the market. This, in turn, may also incorporate the elements of the experimentation. However, one of the main factors is related to the ability to seize the opportunities. References: Anderson, P. (1999). Complexity theory and organization science. Organization Science, 10, 3, 216 – 232 Austin, R., L. Devin, and E. Sullivan. (2012). Accidental Innovation: Supporting Valuable Unpredictability in the Creative Process. Organization Science, 23, 5, 1505-1522. Brown, S. L. and K. Eisenhardt (1998). Competing on the Edge – Strategy as Structured Chaos. Harvard Business School Press: USA Business Insider, (2012). From $0 To $1 Billion In Two Quarters – Facebook’s Mobile Ad Business Is Suddenly Huge. Available from: http://www.businessinsider.com/starting-from-0-facebook-has-created-a-1-billion-mobile-ad-business-in-just-two-quarters-2012-10 (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Business Insider , (2012). What Is It Like Working At Facebook?. Available from: http://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-it-like-working-at-facebook-2009-12?op=1 (Accessed on 13/11/2012) CNC World, (2012). Facebook ADs revenue rises. Available from: http://www.cncworld.tv/news/v_show/28730_Facebook_ADs_revenue_rises.shtml (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Crunch Base, (2012). Mark Zuckerberg. Available from: http://www.crunchbase.com/person/mark-zuckerberg (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Damanpour, F. (1992). Organization size and innovation. Organization Studies, 13, 3, 375 – 402 Dosi, G. (1997). Opportunities, Incentives and the Collective Patterns of Technological Change. The Economic Journal, 107, September Drucker, P.F. (2002). The discipline of innovation. Harvard Business Review, 80, 8, 95-102 Freeman, C. and L. Soete (1997). The Economics of Industrial Innovation. Third Ed., London: Pinter Guardian, (2010). How to Confuse a Facebook User. Available from: http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/feb/11/facebook-readwriteweb (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Hoovers, (2012). Facebook Company Information. Available from: http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.Facebook_Inc.f1fe73cc6a208e18.html (Accessed on 13/11/2012) Hopkins M. (2010). Innovation Isn’t ‘Creativity,’ It’s a Discipline You Manage. MitSloan Management Review, February Information Week, (2012). Facebook Hits 1 Billion Users: Now The Hard Part. 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Criminal Law Case Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Law Case Report - Essay Example She therefore initiated a legal action in order to challenge the constitutionality of the criminal abortion laws in Texas. There were additional plaintiffs, however, the facts were quite different than those of Roe. In particular, these plaintiffs were not pregnant and they did not present the same sense of urgency and relevance as existed in the case of Roe. The United State Supreme Court dismissed these plaintiffs because they lacked legal "standing" and because the issues in their cases were not yet decidable or "justiceable." This report, consequently, will focus on the specifics and the legal merits of the case involving Roe. The main questions presented are whether the Texas criminal abortion laws violate certain constitutional principles and provisions. Roe, a resident of Dallas, Texas, initiated this lawsuit in a federal court. The defendant was the District Attorney of the county in which she resided. She didn't sue for money; instead she requested that the federal court issue a declaratory judgment stating that the criminal abortion laws violated the federal constitution and she further requested that the federal court issue an injunction to prohibit the District Attorney from enforcing the criminal abortion statutes. ... Roe was successful as the federal trial court found that the ninth and fourteenth amendments did, in fact, extend to women a "fundamental right" to decide whether or not to have children. The federal court further decided that the Texas criminal abortion laws were "unconstitutionally vague" and that Roe was entitled to a declaratory judgment. A difficulty, however, was that because the criminal abortion laws were declared void, the injunctive relief requested by Roe was dismissed. Neither party was satisfied. Roe appealed from the rejection of her request for injunctive relief and the District Attorney appealed from the declaration that the criminal abortion laws were unconstitutional and therefore void. Traditionally, cases are appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit. In this case, by contrast, a "protective appeal" was made to the 5th Circuit and also directly to the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court noted some awkwardness with the skipping of the intermediate appellate court, but at the same time noted that it had discretion to review the appeals. Therefore, the Supreme Court proceeded to review the case on its merits. Legal Discussion: The United States Supreme Court Justice Blackmun was compelled to address a number of preliminary issues prior to addressing the constitutionality of the Texas criminal abortion laws. There was a suggestion that Roe did not have legal standing to bring this case because she was not pregnant at certain times during the course of the litigation. The Supreme Court dismissed these arguments by stating that pregnancy is by its very nature a limited condition and that the legal issues were of sufficient important to